Adjective, Adverb, And Degree Comparison

Nama               : Anis Syafitri

Kelas               : 4EA17

NPM               : 10211916

Tugas               : 2

1. Adjective VS Adverb

Definition :

o   Adjective 
Adjectives are words that modify nouns or pronouns by defining, describing, limiting, or qualifying those nouns or pronouns.

An adjective describes how something 'is'. For this reason, we usually use the verb 'to be' when using adjectives. Adjectives are used to describe nouns.
 Rule: Adjectives describe nouns. 
 Example: beautiful trees, they are happy.

Adjectives don't have a singular and plural form OR a masculine, feminine and neuter form.

Adjectives are always the same.  Never add a final -s to an adjective.

Adjectives can also be placed at the end of a sentence if they describe the subject of a sentence.

Rule: Adjectives are placed before the noun.

Example: a wonderful book; very interesting people

( Don't place an adjective after the noun )

o   Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and that express such ideas as time, place, manner, cause, and degree.

They tell you How something is done.

Example: How does he she sing? - She sings beautifully.

Rule: Adverbs are often formed by adding -ly to an adjective .

- The Difference between Adjectives and Adverbs

  The Basic Rules: Adjectives

  Adjectives modify nouns. To modify means to change in some way. For example:

• "I ate a meal." Meal is a noun. We don't know what kind of meal; all we know is that someone ate a meal.
• "I ate an enormous lunch." Lunch is a noun, and enormous is an adjective that modifies it. It tells us what kind of meal the person ate.

Adjectives usually answer one of a few different questions: "What kind?" or "Which?" or      "How many?" For example:

• "The tall girl is riding a new bike." Tall tells us which girl we're talking about. New tells us what kind of bike we're talking about.
• "The tough professor gave us the final exam." Tough tells us what kind of professor we're talking about. Final tells us which exam we're talking about.
• "Fifteen students passed the midterm exam; twelve students passed the final exam." Fifteen and twelve both tell us how many students;midterm and final both tell us which exam.

  So, generally speaking, adjectives answer the following questions:

• Which?
• What kind of?
• How many?

  The Basic Rules: Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. (You can recognize adverbs easily     because many of them are formed by adding -ly to an adjective, though that is not always the case.) The most common question that adverbs answer is how.

Let's look at verbs first.

• "She sang beautifully." Beautifully is an adverb that modifies sang. It tells us how she sang.
• "The cellist played carelessly." Carelessly is an adverb that modifies played. It tells us how the cellist played.

Adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs.

• "That woman is extremely nice." Nice is an adjective that modifies the noun woman. Extremely is an adverb that modifies nice; it tells ushow nice she is. How nice is she? She's extremely nice.
• "It was a terribly hot afternoon." Hot is an adjective that modifies the noun afternoon. Terribly is an adverb that modifies the adjective hot.How hot is it? Terribly hot.

So, generally speaking, adverbs answer the question how. (They can also answer the questions when, where, and why.)

2. Comparison Degree

Definition

Comparison degree is adjectives are used to clarify the difference between 2 objects/nouns. In English grammar the comparison degree of an adjective or adverb describes the relational value of one thing with something in another a sentence.

 

Kinds of comparison:

- POSITIVE DEGREE  

Positive degree is a comparison in which the word adjective not be altered and generally to describe an adjective of the same nature with other objects.

In general, this form is used to: 

a. Declare a state that it is. 

Example: • He is an attractive girl

b. Comparing two objects or the same person, good nature, form or the other. 

The formula used is as follows: 

as + Positive + as 

Example: 

1. My book is as interesting as yours
2. His car runs as fast as a race car
3. She is as clever as Dona
4. This car is as expensive as that one
5.  She is as beautiful as her sister

Or the following formula can be used as a substitute for the above formula: 

No less + Positive +Than

Example: 

1. Your house no less big than my house

c. Declare two objects or people that do not have in common. 

     The formula uses are: 

Not + so + Positif + as

Example: 

1. His car not so new as yours

- COMPARATIVE DEGREE

Comperative Degree is used to show different characteristic of objects. For instance : bigger, taller, older and the others. Comperative Degree is formed by adding -er behind the adjective, if the adjective consists of 1 syllable.

The formula uses are: 

Comparative +Than

Example: 

1. My car is faster than his car
2. Bob’s cough is worse than mine
3. She is nicer than him
4. This dictionary is cheaper than mine
5. Your father is older than John's father

- SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

Superlative Degree is used to show levels "most" of objects. For instance : most diligent, the youngest, the oldest and the others. Superlative Degree is formed by adding -est behind the adjective if the adjective consists of 1 syllable.

The formula uses are :

The + Superlative + Nouns + In 

Example: 

1. This is the fastest car in the rally
2. Michael Jackson is the greatest musician in the world
3. Rama is the smartest boy in class
4. Alice is the sweetest girl in the neighborhood
5. The blue whale is the largest of all animals

The + Superlative + Of  

Example: 

1. This car is the most expensive of all
2. Tom reads most of us

Or it can be used as a substitute for the second formula above formula: 

The Superlative (with most) + Noun  

Example: 

1. She is the most beautiful woman in this country
2. He is the most famous person in the town

Conclusion :

- Degree of comparison is an adjective or adverb that describes the relational value of  one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.

- Degree of comparison divide into three, they are:

1.Positive comparison :comparing the two object have the same quality and quantity

2.Comparative : comparing the two object have different quality and quantity

3.Superlative : superlative adjective are used when describing three items or more.  

Source :

Ø  http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/adjAdv.asp

Ø  http://www.slideshare.net/noelyncagalawan/degrees-of-comparison-23194012

Ø   http://www.infoplease.com/cig/grammar-style/adjectives-versus-adverbs.html

Ø  https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/536/

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Nama               : Anis Syafitri

Kelas               : 4EA17

NPM               : 10211916

TUGAS 1

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

A. Definition of Conditional Sentence

     - The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something else.

     - The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations, they are sometimes  

       called if-clauses.

    - Real Conditional describes real-life situations. Unreal Conditional describes unreal,

      imaginary situations.

Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are so called because the validity of the main clause of the sentence is conditional on the existence of certain circumstances, which may be expressed in a dependent clause or may be understood from the context.

A full conditional sentence (one which expresses the condition as well as its consequences) therefore contains two clauses: the dependent clause expressing the condition, called the protasis; and the main clause expressing the consequence.

B. Types of Conditional Sentece

1.     First-type conditionals

Form and meaning

First conditional are used to talk about the future. It contains two parts. One is “if” clause, the other is “main clause”. The “if” part of first conditional is used to talk about things that may happen in the future, present simple is used, and the tense in the main clause is the future tense.

“if” clause always comes first in a first conditional sentence. And we put a comma. When the “main clause” comes first, comma isn’t needed.

This type refers to future possibilities that are certain or probable.  

First-type conditionals
If clause	Main or conditional clause
If + Present tense	Future tense
If they don't arrive soon If they are late	we'll leave without them. I'm going to be angry.

Other examples are: 

Ø  If I feel sick, I will not go to campus.

Ø  If it rains tomorrow, the concert will be cancelled.

Ø  If you go to the Zoo, you will see the elephants.

Ø  My father will go to Singapore if he has a lot of money.

Ø  If I have time, I will go shopping.

Ø  If you ask him, he will take you to the airport.

2.     Second-type conditionals

Form and meaning

This type is often called the hypothetical or 'unreal' future conditional since it is usually used to speculate about either very unlikely future situations or present and future impossibilities.

In second conditional, the tense in the “if” clause is the simple past, and would\wouldn’t +verb is used in the main clause. In these sentences, the time is now, and the situation is unreal. They refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its possible result. 

Second-type conditionals
If clause	Main or conditional clause
If + Past tense	would + verb
If I had time If I had wings	I would drop you off at school. I would fly.

Other examples are:

Ø  If I had time, i would learn France.

( Fact : I don’t have time, so I’m not going to learn France).

Ø  If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.

( Fact : I don’t have enough money, so I can’t buy a new bicycle).

Ø  If I were you, I would study more.

( Fact : I can’t study more because I’m not you).

Ø  If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity.

( Fact: But I’m not a millionaire, so I can’t donate my money to charity ).

3.     Third-type conditionals

Form and meaning

Third conditional is used to talk about things that did or didn’t happen in the past. The tense in the “if'“ clause is the past perfect, and would/wouldn’t have + past participle is used in the main clause.

Third-type conditionals
If clause	Main or conditional clause
If + Past Perfect tense	would have + past participle
If I had known about his condition If we had known about the storm	I would have phoned for you earlier. we wouldn't have started our journey.

The main uses of the third conditional are for speculating about the past, expressing regrets, excusing our own actions and criticising others. Other examples are: 

Ø  If I had  had enough money, I would have bought a new bicycle.

(Fact : I didn’t have enough money, so I did not buy a new bicycle yesterday).

Ø  If the waitress had been careful, she wouldn’t have broken many plates.

( Fact: The waitress wasn’t careful, so she break many plates).

Ø  If I had gone to London, I could have visited the British Museum.

( Fact : I didn’t go to London, so I can’t visit the British Museum).

Ø  Unless we had been very confident of success, we wouldn't have even tried.  

( Fact : But we were confident, we did try, and we succeeded).

Source :

- http://www.slideshare.net/antaresian/conditional-sentences-grammar

- http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence

- http://linguapress.com/grammar/conditionals.htm

- http://www.wordsmile.com/if-conditional-sentence-introduction