Kamis, 26 April 2012

Noun Clauses

A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb. Clauses can take the place of different parts of speech.
For instance, you are probably familiar with adjective clauses. The man, who looked sleepy, sat down. Who looked sleepy is an adjective clause. It is taking the place of an adjective. An adjective is used to describe nouns and so do adjective clauses. We could re-write the sentence with an adjective. The sleepy man sat down.
Similarly, a noun clause can take the place of a noun. This lesson will explain noun clauses, give examples of noun clauses, and then provide several quizzes to practice forming noun clauses.
Noun Clauses - Explanations & Examples vThere are three basic types of noun clauses. These types are 1) noun clauses that start with a question word (where, how, who, when, why), 2) noun clauses that start with whether or if, and 3) noun clauses that start with that.

1. Noun Clauses that Start with a Question Noun clauses that start with a question are usually used to answer a question. The following examples should better explain this.
  • • Where does Sarik live?
I don't know where Sarik lives. "where Sarik lives" is a noun clause. We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. I don't know Sarik's address. The noun phrase, Sarik's address, replaces with the noun clause, where Sarik lives.
  • • What time is it?
I don't know what time it is. "what time it is" is a noun clause. We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. I don't know the time. In this case, the noun phrase, the time, replaces the noun clause, what time it is.

2. Noun Clauses that Start with Whether or If Noun clauses that start with whether or if are used to answer yes/no type questions. Whether and if are usually interchangeable. The following examples should better explain this.
  • • Does Judy own a Honda?
I don't know if Judy owns a Honda. "if Judy owns a Honda" is a noun clause. We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. I don't know the answer. In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, if Judy owns a Honda.
  • • Will Sadine be at work on Friday?
I don't know whether Sadine will be at work on Friday. "whether Sadine will be at work on Friday" is a noun clause. We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. I don't know the answer. In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, whether Sadine will be at work on Friday.

3. Noun Clauses that Start with That. Noun clauses that start with that are used to answer questions in which person who is answering is thinking, giving an opinion, or using a mental activity verb. The following examples should better explain this.
  • • Is Dr. Elimelech a good instructor?
I think that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor. "that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor" is a noun clause. This noun clause could be omitted by saying the following. I think so.
  • • Do you know the location of an ATM?

I believe that there is an ATM in the supermarket. "that there is an ATM in the supermarket" is a noun clause. Most of the time, native speakers will drop the word that. It is perfectably acceptable to say the following.
I think that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor. OR I think Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor. I believe that there is an ATM in the supermarket. OR I believe there is an ATM in the supermarket.
http://esl.lbcc.cc.ca.us/eesllessons/nounclauses/nounclause.htm

Question :
1)He said that he would not go.
2)That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.
3)She said that he was not feeling well.
4)It was fortunate that he was present.
5)I don’t know where he has gone.
6)He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.
7)The news that he is alive has been confirmed.
8)The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.
Answer :
1)Here the noun clause ‘that he would not go’ is the object of the verb said.
2)Here the noun clause ‘that he is not interested in the offer’ is the subject of the verb is.
3)Here the noun clause ‘that he was not feeling well’ is the object of the verb said.
4)Here the noun clause ‘that he was present’ is in apposition to the pronoun it.
5)Here the noun clause ‘where he has gone’ is the object of the verb know.
6)Here the noun clause ‘whether the servant had polished his shoes’ is the object of the verb asked.
7)Here the noun clause ‘that he is alive’ is in apposition to the noun news.
8)Here the noun clause ‘that only ten persons were killed in the riots’ is in apposition to the noun report.

Conjunction

Definition
Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.
You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, and clauses, as in the following example:
  • I ate the pizza and the pasta.
  • Call the movers when you are ready.

Co-ordinating Conjunctions
You use a co-ordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions. In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a co-ordinating conjunction:
  • Lilacs and violets are usually purple.
In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two nouns.
  • This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists,for the screenplay was written by Mae West.
In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "for" is used to link two independent clauses.
  • Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of his youth dancing on rooftops and swallowing goldfish.
Here the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two participle phrases("dancing on rooftops" and "swallowing goldfish") which act as adverbsdescribing the verb "spends." Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s). The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while." Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction:
  • After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces the dependent clause "After she had learned to drive."
  • If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces the dependent clause "If the paperwork arrives on time."
  • Gerald had to begin his thesis over again when his computer crashed.
The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer crashed."
  • Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs.
In this sentence, the dependent clause "because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs" is introduced by the subordinating conjunction "because." Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating conjunction linked to anadjective or adverb.) The highlighted words in the following sentences are correlative conjunctions:
  • Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.
In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "both...and" is used to link the two noun phrases that act as the compound subject of the sentence: "my grandfather" and "my father".
  • Bring either a Jello salad or a potato scallop.
Here the correlative conjunction "either...or" links two noun phrases: "a Jello salad" and "a potato scallop."
  • Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school orto go to law school.
Similarly, the correlative conjunction "whether ... or" links the twoinfinitive phrases "to go to medical school" and "to go to law school."
  • The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the neighbouring pub.
In this example the correlative conjunction "not only ... but also" links the two noun phrases ("the school" and "neighbouring pub") which act as direct objects. Note: some words which appear as conjunctions can also appear as prepositions or as adverbs.

http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/conjunct.html

Question :
1. I like chicken..............not fish
2. ..........it rains on Sunday, I will not be able to drive.
3. I like both dogs .........rabbits.
4. The items are on sale in the local store........not online.
5. Neither my mother ......my father will be able to attend the party on Sunday.
6. Lucky was late to the party.......his car broke down on the highway.

Answers :
1. I like chicken but not fish
2. If it rains on Sunday, I will not be able to drive
3. I like both dogs and rabbits. Both is a correlative conjunction and must be accompanied by “and.”
4. The items are on sale in the local store but not online
5. Neither my mother nor my father will be able to attend the party on Sunday. Nor is a correlative conjunction with neither.
6. Lucky was late to the party because his car broke down on the highway

Rabu, 11 April 2012

About Hobby

Hobby is an activity that most preferred by the person and often becomes a habit. many interesting and diverse hobby type, but depending on the demand by the people themselves. Like me, my hobbies are listening music, reading novels, sometimes I like to exercise, are like playing badminton and swimming. With a hobby we can also add insight, for example, just read, with reading, we can increase our knowledge. Sports, too, makes the body become fit and healthy.
Every hobby has the benefit of each. Depends also from the hobby. Hobbies can also relieve fatigue, saturation and so on. due to the activity or activities that we love we will feel the burden that we feel lost. Each person also has a variety of hobbies. hobby can also lead us in a better life, like the material. For example, our hobbies to make cakes, and it was also delicious. We can make a cake shop and published in various media, like newspapers or the Internet may be. A good hobby can lead to good habits, so it all depends on each person's hobby. especially now that science increasingly sophisticated technology and knowledge, as well as people who are more intelligent.
Lots of people are wrong to use his expertise into a crime. From there the chance to form a hobby. Hobbies can also make people forget the time and addictions, such as playing games. Hobbies aims to fulfill the wishes and have fun. Collection of its kind that is like, make things, fix, play and education. The point is a hobby that can add more fun, spare time, can increase knowledge, and much more. A lot of usefulness in everyday life, do not use it, of course there were also disadvantages. A few reviews of this hobby, may be useful.

Minggu, 01 April 2012

Direct and indirect speech


There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.
1. Direct speech
2. Indirect speech
Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.

Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”. Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person. Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.
Examples:
In all of the following example the reporting verb is “said”.
He said, “I work in a factory”(Direct speech)
He said that he worked in a factory.(Indirect speech)
They said, “we are going to cinema”(Direct speech)
They said that they were going to cinema.(Indirect speech)

Reported Speech.
The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.

Fundamental rules for indirect speech.
1. Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
2. Use of word “that”: The word “that” is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech.
3. Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change. In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.

Example:
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
Direct speech: I said to him, “you are intelligent”
Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (“You” changed to “he” the person of object of reporting verb)

1. Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to that day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy today”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.

1. Change in the tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.

Examples:
-Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
-Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
-Direct speech: He says, “I am happy”
-Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didn’t change)

http://www.studyandexam.com/direct-indirect-speech.html


Direct and Indirect Speech
Almost all of the rules governing the changes from direct speech to indirect speech will appear commonsensical once you understand the concept. Let us look at the major points:

1. When the reporting verb is in a present or future tense, the tense of the verb in the speech is not changed, because the idea can refer to any time: Ravi will say, "I was happy in that house." (Direct) Ravi will say that he was happy in that house. (Indirect)

2. When we are reporting what we heard in the past, we need to change the tense in the speech, as there is a difference in the time. Ravi said, "My uncle is busy today." (Direct) Ravi said that his uncle was busy that day. (Indirect)

3. When the reporting verb is in past tense, the tense of the verb in the speech undergoes change as follows:
• Present tense to past tense
• Present continuous to past continuous
• Present perfect to past perfect
• Present perfect continuous to past perfect continuous
• Past tense to past perfect
• Can to could
• Will to would
• Shall to would
• May to might

4. Words expressing nearness in time or place are generally changed into related words or phrases expressing distance:
• now - then
• here - there
• ago - before
• thus - so
• today - that day
• tomorrow - the next day
• yesterday - the previous day
• last night - the night before

1. Declarative sentences
When we change a declarative sentence from direct to indirect speech, the speech is introduced by ‘that'. The reporting verb is usually changed from ‘said' to ‘told'. This change is made only when the listener is mentioned, for 'tell', unlike 'say', requires that the object immediately follow it.

2. Interrogative sentences
When we change an interrogative sentence from direct to indirect speech, the reporting verb is usually ‘asked', as a question is being reported. Unlike the direct question, in which the subject follows the verb, the indirect question sets the subject before the verb. When we have a question in direct speech which requires 'yes' or 'no' for an answer, and the question is changed to indirect speech, 'if' or 'whether' introduces the indirect question

3. Imperative Sentences
When we change an imperative sentence from direct to indirect speech, the reporting verb is 'ordered' or 'requested' or another verb which best suits the situation. The reported speech is introduced with the 'to'-infinitive of the verb used in the request or command.

4. Exclamatory Sentences
When we change an exclamatory sentence from direct to indirect speech, the reporting verb is chosen so as to convey the intensity of the speaker's feelings. The speech, just as with declarative sentences, is introduced by 'that' and exhibits the same pattern. http://www.englishforums.com/content/lessons/indirect-reported-and-direct-speech.htm

Question :
Change direct speech into indirect speech from various types !
1. Sarah said to Adit, "My school is better than yours.
2. Maya may say, "Where is your uncle?"
3. John said to his father, ‘Please stop smoking’
4. The old woman said, "What a beautiful life it has been”
5. He said, “I am happy”
6. My teacher said, "I want to help you succeed, for your father is such a nice person”
7. Sunil said to David, "Where do you sleep at night?"
8. The man said to his son, "What a magnificent shot you have made”

Answer :
1. Sarah told Adit that his school was better than hers
2. Maya may ask you where your uncle is
3. John pleaded with his father to stop smoking
4. The old woman exclaimed that it had been a beautiful life
5. He said that he was happy.
6. My teacher says that he wants to help me succeed, for my father is such a nice person
7. Sunil asked David where he slept at night
8. The man said to his son, "What a magnificent shot you have made”

Adverbial Clauses


Adverbial clause
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.
• I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
• He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he) According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk,1990):
• We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
• We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase) Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.
• I like to fly kites for fun. Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:
• Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.
The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".

Kinds of adverbial clauses:
Time clauses
Common Conjunctions : when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.
Function : These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.

Conditional clauses
Common Conjunctions : if, unless, lest Function : These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.

Purpose clauses
Common Conjunctions : in order to, so that, in order that
Function : These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.

Reason clauses
Common Conjunctions : because, since, as, given
Function : These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.

Result clauses
Common Conjunctions : so...that
Function : These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.

Concessive clauses
Common Conjunctions : although, though, while
Function : These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.

Place clauses
Common Conjunctions : where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")
Function : These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.

Clauses of manner
Common Conjunctions : as, like, the way
Function : These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause

Definition:
A dependent clause used as an adverb within a sentence to indicate time, place, condition, contrast, concession, reason, purpose, or result. Also known as adverbial clause.
An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction (such as if, when, because, or although) and includes a subject and a predicate.
Observations: The name "adverbial" suggests that adverbial clauses modify verbs; but they modify whole clauses, as shown by the examples [below]. Their other key property is that they are adjuncts, since they are typically optional constituents in sentences. They are traditionally classified according to their meaning, for example adverbial clauses of reason, time, concession, manner or condition, as illustrated below.
a. Reason Because Marianne loved Willoughby, she refused to believe that he had deserted her.
b. Time When Fanny returned, she found Tom Bertram very ill.
c. Concession Although Mr D'Arcy disliked Mrs Bennet he married Elizabeth.
d. Manner Henry changed his plans as the mood took him.
e. Condition If Emma had left Hartfield, Mr Woodhouse would have been unhappy.
http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/qdvclterm.htm

Question :
1. What is the meaning of the adverbial clause?
2. How many types of adverbial clause?
3. Describe the type of adverbial clause!
4. Write examples of adverbial clause!
Answer :
1. A dependent clause used as an adverb within a sentence to indicate time, place, condition, contrast, concession, reason, purpose, or result. Also known as adverbial clause. An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction (such as if, when, because, or although) and includes a subject and a predicate.
2. 8 types
3. Kinds of adverbial clause

• Time clauses
Common Conjunctions : when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.
Function : These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.

• Conditional clauses
Common Conjunctions : if, unless, lest
Function : These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.

• Purpose clauses
Common Conjunctions : in order to, so that, in order that
Function : These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.

• Reason clauses
Common Conjunctions : because, since, as, given
Function : These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.

• Result clauses
Common Conjunctions : so...that Function : These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.

• Concessive clauses
Common Conjunctions : although, though, while
Function : These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.

• Place clauses
Common Conjunctions : where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")
Function : These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.

• Clauses of manner
Common Conjunctions : as, like, the way
Function : These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done
4. -We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
-We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase) Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.

-I like to fly kites for fun. Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:

-Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.
The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".